Basic Concepts Cohen’s kappa is a measure of the agreement between two raters who determine which category a finite number of subjects belong to, factoring out agreement due to chance. The two raters either agree in their rating (i.e. the category that a subject is assigned to) or they disagree; there are no degrees of … Read More
Introduction Suppose we conduct an ANOVA and reject the null hypothesis that all the sample means are equal. Since there are significant differences among the means, it would be useful to find out where the differences are. To accomplish this we perform extended versions of the two-sample comparison t-tests described in Two Sample t-Test with … Read More
Introduction We start our description of ANOVA with the one-factor case. We will define the concept of factor elsewhere, but for now, we simply view this type of analysis as an extension of the t-tests that are described in Two Sample t-Test with Equal Variances and Two Sample t-Test with Unequal Variances. We begin with … Read More
Basic Concepts It is often useful to create a model using simulation. Usually, this takes the form of generating a series of random observations (often based on a specific statistical distribution) and then studying the resulting observations using techniques described throughout the rest of this website. This approach is commonly called Monte Carlo simulation. Worksheet … Read More
Basic Concepts Excel Functions: Figure 1 summarizes the various ranking functions available in all versions of Excel for a data set R1. We describe each of these functions in more detail on the rest of this webpage, plus we describe additional ranking functions that are only available in versions of Excel starting with Excel 2010. … Read More
Basic Concepts We consider a random variable x and a data set S = {x1, x2, …, xn} of size n which contains possible values of x. The data set can represent either the population being studied or a sample drawn from the population. The mean is the statistic used most often to characterize the center of the data in S. We … Read More